Engineering Mathematics Ka Stroud 7th Edition Pdf 406 Fix
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and the National Research Council (NRC) (2008) have issued guidelines for implementing a strong K-8 mathematics curriculum. The NRC (2009) goes further, suggesting, perhaps best, that reading instruction be continuous throughout the K-12 curriculum and offering some helpful suggestions about teaching and assessing mathematics.
engineering mathematics ka stroud 7th edition pdf 406
First, beginning at age 2, children should learn concepts of number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on). They should be given the opportunity to examine and explore different forms of numerals, count the number of items on their hands and in their containers, and learn the basic relationships among numbers. (In this context, the term number might best be understood to include concepts of quantity, such as number of items, number of articles, volume, or surface area.) Children should also acquire abilities to comprehend basic facts, including the number of objects in a group (e.g., three) and the number of objects in a larger group (e.g., six). They should also demonstrate mathematical reasoning with basic facts, e.g., 22 is twice the number of objects in a group of 3. Finally, children should demonstrate their knowledge by showing the pattern of intervals and ratio in a set of fractions. Thus, learning number and number concepts are foundational to learning geometry and measurement, which in turn are essential to learning other forms of mathematics.
Second, beginning at early grades, students should be taught to construct and comprehend abstract rules, such as those found in geometry and algebra. Mathematics instruction should be contextualized and situated, with practice and exposure to specific domains and topics. Examples of domains and topics include size, shape, position, measurement, and change. Math instruction should include all forms of mathematical activities and should be meaningful and relevant to the student. A key component is the authentic, transparent, and effective use of the language of mathematics to convey the mathematical concept (e.g., mathematical conventions such as the symbol for the unknown, variable n, or functions). For example, the language of geometry needs to include the language of measurement, e.g., length, area, circumference, volume, and other words that refer to actual items or places. Of particular importance is the role that mathematics plays in everyday life in relation to the physical, social, and financial world. Finally, it is important to ensure that there is continuous, supportive feedback and evaluation of student learning and progress and that the content of mathematics instruction is flexible enough to allow for both progressive and appropriate opportunities for student growth. Math instruction should include and reinforce appropriate practices such as meaningful problem solving, active learning, and the use of technology. Finally, teachers can help students develop and refine their metacognitive skills, and thus realize their potential for mathematical understanding and competence (e.g., Gather and Eide, 2013 ).